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Run DPInst.exe to pre-install the USB drivers After the drivers are installed connect the modem or converter and Windows will complete the setup 101-0019 & 101-0020 RS-485 Converter - USB Driver Version 5.1 Driver Package (32 & 64 bit) for Windows 10, 8, 7, Vista, XP, and 2000. Driver samples for specific technologies You can browse and download individual Windows 10 driver samples on the Microsoft Samples portal. You can also clone, fork, or download the Windows-driver-samples repo on GitHub. Earlier versions of Windows driver samples are archived at Microsoft Archive on GitHub. The procedures for installing and configuring PPP vary from implementation to implementation. 12 In this section, we use the PPP daemon implementation (pppd) included with Linux and the supporting configuration commands that come with it. The interface consists of a 74AC541 line driver/buffer IC, a 74AC04 hex inverter IC, a 3.3V regulator and a handful of discrete supporting components including an RJ45 socket. The 74AC541 and 74AC04 IC’s are powered by the 3.3V regulator which is in turn powered by 5V from the DV Node Adapter.

Next:42. The LINUX Kernel Up:rute Previous:40. named Contents

Subsections

41.1 Basic Dialup

Dialup networking isunreliable and difficult to configure. The reason issimply that telephones were not designed for data. However,considering that the telephone network is by far the largestelectronic network on the globe, it makes sense to make use ofit. This is why modems were created. On the other hand, theadvent of ISDN is slightly more expensive and a betterchoice for all but home dialup. See Section 41.6for more information.

For home use, dialup networking is not all that difficult toconfigure. The PPP HOWTO contains lots on this (see Section 16).For my machine this boils down to creating the files/etc/ppp/chap-secretsand /etc/ppp/pap-secrets,both containing the following line of text:

<username> * <password> *

although only one of the files will be used,then running the following command at a shellprompt: [This exampleassumes that an initialization stringof AT&F1 issufficient. See Section 3.5.]

5

10 pppd connect
'chat -S -s -v
' 'AT&F1'
OK ATDT<tel-number> CONNECT '
name: <username> assword: 'q<password>'
con: ppp'
/dev/<modem> 57600 debug crtscts modem lock nodetach
hide-password defaultroute
user <username>
noauth

This is a minimalist's dial-incommand and it's specific to my ISPonly. Don't use the exact command unless you have an account with theInternet Solution ISP in South Africa, before January 2000.

The command-line options are explained as follows:

connect <script>: Specifies the script that pppd must use to start thingsup. When you use a modem manually (as is shown further below), you needto go through the steps of initializing the modem, causing a dial, connecting,logging in, and finally telling the remote computer that you would like to set theconnection to ``data communication' mode, called the point-to-point protocol,or PPP. The <script> is the automation of thismanual procedure.
chat -S -s -v <expect> <send> <expect> <send> ...: The <script> proper. chat has a man pageand uses other than modem communication. -S means tolog messages to the terminal and not to syslog; -smeans to log to stderr; -v means verbose output. Afterthe options comes a list of things the modem is likely to say,alternated with appropriate responses. This is called anexpect-send sequence. Thesequence AT&F1 is the modeminitialization string. [This exampleassumes that an initialization string of AT&F1 issufficient. See Section 3.5.]q means to not print thepassword amid the debug output--very important.
/dev/tty??: Specifies the device you are going to use.This will usually be /dev/ttyS0, /dev/ttyS1,/dev/ttyS2, or /dev/ttyS3.
57600: The speed the modem is to be set to. This is only the speedbetween the PC and the modem and has nothing to do with theactual data throughput. It should be set as high as possibleexcept in the case of very old machines whose serial portsmay possibly only handle 38400. It's best to choose115200 unless this doesn't work.
debug: Output debug information. This option is useful fordiagnosing problems.
crtscts: Use hardware flow control.
modem: Use modem control lines. This is actually the default.
lock: Create a UUCP lock file in /var/lock/.As explained in Section 34.4, this isa file of the form /var/lock/LCK..tty??that tells other applications that the serial device is in use. For thisreason, you must not call the device /dev/modem or/dev/cua?.
nodetach: Remain always a foreground process. This allows youto watch pppd run and stop it with ^C.
defaultroute: Create an IP route after PPP comesalive. Henceforth, packets will go to the right place.
hide-password: Hide the password from thelogs. This is important for security.
user <username>: Specifies the line from the/etc/ppp/chap-secretsand /etc/ppp/pap-secretsfile to use. For a home PC there is usually only one line.

41.1.1 Determining your `chat` script

To determine the list of expect-send sequences, you need todo a manual dial-in. The command

dip -t

stands for dial-IP and talks directly to your modem.

The following session demonstrates a manual dial for userpsheer. Using dipmanually like this is a game of trying to get the garbage linesyou see below: this is PPP starting to talk. When you get this junk,you have won and can press ^C.Then, copy and paste your session for future reference.

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25 [root@cericon]# dip -t
DIP: Dialup IP Protocol Driver version 3.3.7o-uri (8 Feb 96)
Written by Fred N. van Kempen, MicroWalt Corporation.

DIP> port ttyS0
DIP> speed 57600
DIP> term
[ Entering TERMINAL mode. Use CTRL-] to get back ]
AT&F1
OK
ATDT4068500
CONNECT 26400/ARQ/V34/LAPM/V42BIS
Checking authorization, please wait...
name:psheer
password:

c2-ctn-icon:ppp
Entering PPP mode.
Async interface address is unnumbered (FastEthernet0)
Your IP address is 196.34.157.148. MTU is 1500 bytes

~y}#A!}!e} }3}'}&} }*} } }~}&4}2Iq}'}'}(}'N$~~y}#A!}!r} }4}'}&} }
[ Back to LOCAL mode. ]
DIP> quit
[root@cericon]#

Now you can modify the above chat script as youneed. The kinds of things that will differ are trivial: like havinglogin: instead of name:. Some systems also require you totype something instead of ppp, and some require nothing to betyped after your password. Some further require nothing to be typedat all, thus immediately entering PPP mode.

Note that dip also creates UUCP lock files as explained inSection 34.4.

41.1.2 CHAP and PAP

You may ask why there are /etc/ppp/chap-secrets and/etc/ppp/pap-secrets files if a user name and password are alreadyspecified inside the the chat script. CHAP (Challenge HandshakeAuthentication Protocol) and PAP (Password Authentication Protocol)are authentication mechanisms used after logging in--in otherwords, somewhere amid the
~y}#A!}!e} }3}'}&} }*} } }~}&4}2Iq}'}'}(}'N$~~y}#A!}!r} }4}'}&} }.

41.1.3 Running `pppd`

If you run the pppd command above, you will get output something like this:

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55 send (AT&F1^M)
expect (OK)
AT&F1^M^M
OK
-- got it

send (ATDT4068500^M)
expect (CONNECT)
^M
ATDT4068500^M^M
CONNECT
-- got it

send (^M)
expect (name:)
45333/ARQ/V90/LAPM/V42BIS^M
Checking authorization, Please wait...^M
username:
-- got it

send (psheer^M)
expect (assword:)
psheer^M
password:
-- got it

send (??????)
expect (con:)
^M
^M
c2-ctn-icon:
-- got it

send (ppp^M)
Serial connection established.
Using interface ppp0
Connect: ppp0 <--> /dev/ttyS0
sent [LCP ConfReq id=0x1 <asyncmap 0x0> <magic 0x88c5a54f> <pcomp> <accomp>]
rcvd [LCP ConfReq id=0x3d <asyncmap 0xa0000> <magic 0x3435476c> <pcomp> <accomp>]
sent [LCP ConfAck id=0x3d <asyncmap 0xa0000> <magic 0x3435476c> <pcomp> <accomp>]
rcvd [LCP ConfAck id=0x1 <asyncmap 0x0> <magic 0x88c5a54f> <pcomp> <accomp>]
sent [IPCP ConfReq id=0x1 <addr 192.168.3.9> <compress VJ 0f 01>]
sent [CCP ConfReq id=0x1 <deflate 15> <deflate(old#) 15> <bsd v1 15>]
rcvd [IPCP ConfReq id=0x45 <addr 168.209.2.67>]
sent [IPCP ConfAck id=0x45 <addr 168.209.2.67>]
rcvd [IPCP ConfRej id=0x1 <compress VJ 0f 01>]
sent [IPCP ConfReq id=0x2 <addr 192.168.3.9>]
rcvd [LCP ProtRej id=0x3e 80 fd 01 01 00 0f 1a 04 78 00 18 04 78 00 15 03 2f]
rcvd [IPCP ConfNak id=0x2 <addr 196.34.157.131>]
sent [IPCP ConfReq id=0x3 <addr 196.34.157.131>]
rcvd [IPCP ConfAck id=0x3 <addr 196.34.157.131>]
local IP address 196.34.25.95
remote IP address 168.209.2.67
Script /etc/ppp/ip-up started (pid 671)
Script /etc/ppp/ip-up finished (pid 671), status = 0x0
Terminating on signal 2.
Script /etc/ppp/ip-down started (pid 701)
sent [LCP TermReq id=0x2 'User request']
rcvd [LCP TermAck id=0x2]

You can see the expect-send sequences working, so it's easy to correctthem if you made a mistake somewhere.

At this point you might want to typeroute -n and ifconfigin another terminal:

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20 [root@cericon]# route -n
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
168.209.2.67 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 ppp0
127.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 U 0 0 0 lo
0.0.0.0 168.209.2.69 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 ppp0
[root@cericon]# ifconfig
lo Link encap:Local Loopback
inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:3924 Metric:1
RX packets:2547933 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:2547933 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0

ppp0 Link encap:Point-to-Point Protocol
inet addr:196.34.25.95 P-t-P:168.209.2.67 Mask:255.255.255.255
UP POINTOPOINT RUNNING NOARP MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:7 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:7 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:10

This clearly shows what pppd has done: created a network deviceand a route to it.

If your name server is configured, you should now be able toping metalab.unc.edu or some well-known host.

Dial-on-demandreally just involves adding the demandoption to the pppd command-line above. The other way of doingdial-on-demand is to use the diald package, but here wediscuss the pppd implementation. The diald packageis, however, a far more thorough solution.

With the demand option, you will notice that spurious dialoutstake place. You need to add some filtering rules to ensure thatonly the services you are interested in cause a dialout. These servicesshould only make outgoing connections when absolutely necessary.

A firewall script might look as follows. This example uses the oldipfwadm command, possibly called/sbin/ipfwadm-wrapperon your machine. [The newer ipchainscommand is now superseded by a completed differentpacket filtering system inkernel 2.4.] See the Firewall-HOWTOfor more information on building a firewall.

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30 # Enable ip forwarding and dynamic address changing:
echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_dynaddr

# Clear all firewall rules:
/sbin/ipfwadm -O -f
/sbin/ipfwadm -I -f
/sbin/ipfwadm -F -f

/sbin/ipfwadm -O -p deny
/sbin/ipfwadm -I -p deny

# Allow all local communications:
/sbin/ipfwadm -O -a accept -D 192.168.0.0/16 -S 0.0.0.0/0
/sbin/ipfwadm -O -a accept -D 127.0.0.0/24 -S 127.0.0.0/24
/sbin/ipfwadm -O -a accept -S 192.168.0.0/16 -D 127.0.0.0/24
/sbin/ipfwadm -O -a accept -S 192.168.0.0/16 -D 192.168.0.0/16
/sbin/ipfwadm -I -a accept -S 192.168.0.0/16 -D 0.0.0.0/0
/sbin/ipfwadm -I -a accept -S 127.0.0.0/24 -D 127.0.0.0/24
/sbin/ipfwadm -I -a accept -D 192.168.0.0/16 -S 127.0.0.0/24
/sbin/ipfwadm -I -a accept -D 192.168.0.0/16 -S 192.168.0.0/16

# Allow ports outgoing:
/sbin/ipfwadm -O -a accept -P tcp -S 0.0.0.0/0
-D 0.0.0.0/0 20 21 22 25 53 80 110 119 143
/sbin/ipfwadm -O -a accept -P udp -S 0.0.0.0/0 -D 0.0.0.0/0 53

# # Add this line to allow FTP from masqueraded machines:
# /sbin/ipfwadm -O -a accept -P tcp -S 0.0.0.0/0 -D 0.0.0.0/0 1024:65535

# Allow ports incoming:
/sbin/ipfwadm -I -a accept -P tcp -S 0.0.0.0/0 -D 0.0.0.0/0 20 113
/sbin/ipfwadm -I -a accept -P tcp -S 0.0.0.0/0 -D 0.0.0.0/0 1024:65535
/sbin/ipfwadm -I -a accept -P udp -S 0.0.0.0/0 -D 0.0.0.0/0 1024:65535

The ports we are usingare

The auth service is not needed butshould be kept open so that connectingservices get a failure instead of waiting for a timeout. Youcan comment out the auth line in /etc/inetd.conffor security.

If you have a LAN of machines that needs to share the same dialuplink, then you can give them all 192.168. addresses andmasquerade the LAN through the PPP interface.IP masquerading or NAT (network address translation)can be done with:

`5`	`# Masquerading for ftp requires special handling on older kernels:` `/sbin/modprobe ip_masq_ftp` `# Masquerade the domain 192.168.2.0/255.255.128.0` `/sbin/ipfwadm -F -f` `/sbin/ipfwadm -F -p deny` `/sbin/ipfwadm -F -a m -S 192.168.0.0/17 -D 0.0.0.0/0`

The pppd script becomes (note that you need pppd-2.3.11or later for this to work as I have it here):

5

10 pppd connect
'chat -S -s -v
' 'AT&F1'
OK ATDT<tel-number> CONNECT '
name: <username> assword: 'q<password>'
con: ppp'
/dev/ttyS0 57600 debug crtscts modem lock nodetach
hide-password defaultroute
user <username>
demand
:10.112.112.112
idle 180
holdoff 30

Your DNS service, to beused on a dialup server, requires some customization.Replace your options section from the DNS configurationsin Chapter 40 with the following:

`5`	`options {` `forwarders { 196.7.173.2; /* example only */ };` `listen-on { 192.168.2.254; };` `directory '/var/cache/bind';` `dialup yes; notify no; forward only;` `};`

The options dialup yes; notify no; forward only; tellbind to use the link as little as possible; not send notifymessages (there are no slave servers on our LAN to notify) andto forward requests to 192.168.2.254 rather thantrying to answer them itself; respectively. The optionlisten-on causes the name server to bind to the networkinterface 192.168.2.254 only. In this example, the interface192.168.2.254 is our Ethernet card which routes packets fromthe local LAN. This is important for security, becauseit prevents any possible connection from the outside.

There is also a DNS package written specifically for use by dialupservers. It is called dnrd and is much easier to configurethan bind.

pppd is really just a wayto initiate a network device over a serial port, regardlessof whether you initiate or listen for a connection.As long as there is a serial connection between twomachines, pppd will negotiate a link.

To listen for a pppd dial-in, youneed just add the following line to your /etc/inittabfile:

S0:2345:respawn:/sbin/mgetty -s 115200 ttyS0

and then the line

/AutoPPP/ - a_ppp /usr/sbin/pppd

to the file /etc/mgetty+sendfax/login.config(/etc/mgetty/login.config for Debian). For security,you would probably want to run chmod a-s /usr/sbin/pppd,since mgetty runs pppd as root anyway. Your/etc/ppp/options file could contain

proxyarp mtu 552 mru 552 require-chap <hostname>:

Note that we dispense with the serial line options (i.e., speedand flow control) because mgetty would have alreadyinitialized the serial line. <hostname> is just the nameof the local machine.The proxyarp setting adds the remote client to theARP tables. This enables your client to connect through to theInternet on the other side of the line without extra routes.The file /etc/ppp/chap-secretscan be filled with lines like,

dialup * <passwd> 192.168.254.123

to specify the IP address and password of each user.

Next, add a user dialup and perhaps set itspassword to that in the chap-secrets file. You can then testyour configuration from a remote machine with dip -tas above. If that works (i.e., mgetty answers, andyou get your garbage lines as on page), then a proper pppd dial-inshould also work. The /etc/ppp/chap-secrets file can contain:

dialup * <passwd> *

and you can dial out using a typical pppd command, like this:

`5`	`pppd` `connect 'chat -S -s -v ' 'AT&F1' OK ATDT<telephone> CONNECT ''` `/dev/<modem> 57600 debug crtscts modem lock nodetach` `hide-password defaultroute` `user dialup` `noauth`

You should be carefully to have a proper DNS configurationfor forward and reverse lookups of your pppd IP addresses.This is so that no services block with long timeouts and alsoso that other Internet machines will be friendly to your user'sconnections.

Note that the above also supports faxes,logins, voice, and uucp (see Section 34.3) on thesame modem because mgetty only starts pppd if it sees anLCP request (part of the PPP protocol). If you just want PPP, read theconfig files in /etc/mgetty+sendfax/(Debian /etc/mgetty/)to disable the other services.

If a dialout does occur unexpectedly, you can runtcpdump to dump packets going to yourppp0 device.This output will probably highlight the error. You can then lookat the TCP port of the service and try to figure out whatprocess the packet might have come from. The command is:

tcpdump -n -N -f -i ppp0

tcpdump is also discussed inSection 25.10.3.

For those who are not familiar with ISDN, this paragraph givesyou a quick summary. ISDN stands for IntegratedServices Digital Network. ISDN lines are like regular telephonelines, except that an ISDN line comes with two analog and twodigital channels. The analog channels are regular telephonelines in every respect--just plug your phone in and startmaking calls. The digital lines each support 64 kilobits/seconddata transfer; only ISDN communication equipment is meantto plug in to these and the charge rate is the same as that ofa telephone call. To communicate over the digital line, you needto dial an ISP just as with a regular telephone. PPP runs overISDN in the same way as a modem connection. It used tobe that only very expensive ISDN routers could work with ISDN,but ISDN modems and ISDN ISA/PCI cards have become cheapenough to allow anyone to use ISDN, and most telephonecompanies will install an ISDN line as readily as a regulartelephone line. So you may ask what's with the ``IntegratedServices.' I suppose it was thought that this service, inallowing both data and regular telephone, would be theubiquitous communications service. It remains to be seen, however,if video conferencing over 64-Kb lines becomesmainstream.

ISDN is not covered in detail here, although ample HOWTOs existson the subject. Be wary when setting up ISDN. ISDN dialsreally fast. It can dial out a thousand times in afew minutes, which is expensive.

Next:42. The LINUX Kernel Up:rute Previous:40. named Contents

USB Drivers Downloads

101-0027 & 101-0032 MicroLink HART Protocol Modems - USB Driver Version 6.0
32 bit Installer for Windows 10, 8, 7, Vista, and XP
64 bit Installer for Windows 10, 8, 7, Vista, and XP

Installation Instructions

Click on the link to download the ZIP file for your system (32 bit or 64 bit)
Unzip all the files into the same folder
Run DPInst.exe to pre-install the USB drivers
After the drivers are installed connect the modem or converter and Windows will complete the setup

101-0019 & 101-0020 RS-485 Converter - USB Driver Version 5.1
Driver Package (32 & 64 bit) for Windows 10, 8, 7, Vista, XP, and 2000

Installation Instructions

Click on the link to download the ZIP file
Unzip all the files into the same folder
Run Setup.exe to run the setup utility and pre-install the USB drivers
After the drivers are installed connect the converter and Windows will complete the setup

101-0097 MicroLink-HM+ HART Protocol Modem with Modbus

CDM21228_Setup.zip
Installation Instructions

Click on the link to download the ZIP file
Unzip all the files into the same folder
Run CDM21228_Setup.exe to run the setup utility and pre-install the USB drivers
After the drivers are installed connect the converter and Windows will complete the setup

101-0010 RS-485 Converter - USB Driver Version 2.02.04
32 bit Installer for Windows 7, Vista, XP, and 2000
64 bit Installer for Windows 7, Vista, and XP